Mobile technology is largely employed in
cellular communication systems and other related areas. It employs a network
architecture that allows multiple transmitters to deliver data on a single
channel at the same time. Because it reduces the potential of frequency
interference from two or more sources, this platform allows multiple users to
use single frequencies. The channel has evolved over time.
This is fast expanding; its applications are
getting increasingly broad over time, and it is gradually replacing other
similar sources of communication on the market, such as post offices and
landlines. Mobile technology has progressed from a simple phone and texting
device to a multi-tasking system that can be used for GPS navigation, internet
browsing, gaming, and instant messaging, among other things. With the rise,
experts claim that the future of computer technology is dependent on wireless
networking and mobile computing.
Through tablets and small PCs, mobile
technology is becoming increasingly popular. This smartphone system has since
been improved to a big multitasking computer that can be used for GPS
navigation, gaming, internet browsing, and instant messaging. Tablets and
portable laptops have increased the adoption of mobile technology. The mobile
networks that connect these devices are referred to as wireless systems. They
allow speech, data, and (mobile) apps to be shared between mobile devices.
Mobile technology is becoming increasingly
prevalent. Smartphone users have surpassed 3 billion, and the global mobile
workforce is expected to reach 1.87 billion by 2022. Any gadget with internet
capabilities that can be accessed from anywhere is referred to as mobile
technology. Smartphones, tablets, some iPods, and laptops already fall within
this category, but this list will undoubtedly grow in the future years.
Uses of Mobile Technology:
- The incorporation of mobile technology into business has aided telecollaboration. Now, people could connect from anywhere using mobile technology, and access the papers and documents they need to complete collaborative work.
- Work is being redefined by mobile technologies. Employees are no longer confined to their desks; they can work from anywhere in the world.
- Mobile technology can help your company save time and money. Employees who work from home save thousands on a regular basis. Mobile phones eliminate the need for costly technology like landline carrier services. Cloud-based services are less expensive than traditional systems. Technology can also help your company become more flexible and productive.
- Mobile technology has the potential to boost productivity significantly. Mobile application integration saves an average of 7.5 hours per week per employee. Workers can also become more productive with the use of smartphones and mobile gadgets.
- The popularity of cloud-based services has skyrocketed in recent years. Cloud-based mobile technology applications have been seen to be more useful than any smartphone, particularly in terms of available storage space.
Advantages of Mobile Technology:
- Through a variety of applications, we can now stay in touch with our friends and family members anytime we choose. We may now communicate or video visit with anybody we want by just using our cell phone or cell phone. Aside from that, the portable keeps us informed about the rest of the globe.
- Today’s mobile phones have made our day-to-day activities much more natural. Today, one may check the current traffic situation on their phone and make appropriate decisions to arrive on time. The weather is also a factor.
- With the advancement of mobile technology, the entire gaming world is now under one roof. When we are tired of monotonous work or during breaks, we can listen to music, view movies, watch our favorite shows, or simply watch a video of our favorite song.
- Mobile phones are being used for a variety of legitimate tasks, including meeting schedules, sending and receiving documents, providing introductions, warnings, and job applications, among others. Cell phones have become an indispensable tool for all working people.
- These days, mobile phones are also used as a wallet to make payments. Utilities might be used to send money to friends, relatives, and others right now.
Disadvantages of Mobile Technology:
- Because of the widespread use of mobile technology, people nowadays don’t meet in person but rather tweet or comment on social media sites.
- Because of the widespread use of mobile devices, there is a major risk of losing one’s protection. By efficiently reading through your web-based social networking account, anyone may now easily obtain data such as where you reside, your loved ones, what you do for a living, where you live, and so on.
- Mobile phone prices have risen in tandem with their worth. People nowadays spend a significant amount of money on cell phones, which could be better spent on more useful things like education or other beneficial items throughout our lives.
Mobile Terminologies:
GSM, CDMA, WAP, GPRS, WCDMA, 3g, 4g, LTE, Sensors:
GSM:
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. It is a
standard that specifies how 2G (second generation) cellular networks operate. GSM
was a significant improvement over the first generation of cellular networks
and represented a transition from analog to digital telecommunications.
GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented globally. It is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
GSM technology was developed as a digital system using the time division multiple access (TDMA) technique for communication purposes. Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210 countries throughout the world. GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including roaming service. Roaming is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.
CDMA:
CDMA is an acronym for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a channel access mechanism that also
serves as an example of multiple access. Multiple access simply means that data
from multiple transmitters can be delivered onto a single communication channel
at the same time.
WAP:
WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol. Wireless application protocol (WAP) is a communications protocol that is used for wireless data access through most mobile wireless networks. WAP enhances wireless specification interoperability and facilitates instant connectivity between interactive wireless devices (such as mobile phones) and the Internet.
It
facilitates easy connectivity between mobile and the Internet and enhances
wireless inter-operability.
WAP helps
in accessing wireless data through all the communication networks. It is a
communication protocol and helps maintain the connection of mobile devices in
the network and the internet. Information can be accessed easily, and a web
browser is provided for devices that use the WAP network. Only if the devices
are connected with Wi-Fi, WAP provides information about the devices.
Connectivity is provided faster in the devices, and they follow the protocol of
WAP. Internet services are provided in the devices with the help of WAP. WAP
also helps to cover the network at larger distances.
GPRS:
GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service, is a very widely-deployed wireless data service, available now with most GSM networks.
GPRS offers throughput rates of up to 40 kbps, enabling mobile handsets to access online services at a similar speed to a dial-up modem, but with the convenience of being able to connect from almost anywhere.GPRS enables people to enjoy advanced, feature-rich data services, such as e-mail on the move, multimedia messages, social networking and location-based services.
WCDMA:
WCDMA stands for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access. It is Developed by the global GSM community to support third-generation (3G) mobile services. WCDMA is the most commonly used variant of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
Wideband CDMA is a third-generation (3G) wireless standard which allows use of both voice and data and offers data speeds of up to 384 Kbps. As well as supporting conventional voice, text and MMS services, WCDMA can carry data at high speeds, enabling mobile operators to deliver richer mobile multimedia services such as music-on-demand, TV and video streaming and broadband Internet access.
3G:
3G stands for Third-Generation access technology, which allows
mobile phones to connect to the internet. Every new technology introduces new
frequency bands and data transmission rates.
The first generation
emerged in the 1980s. First-generation uses large phones that had to be mounted
on top of cars because they were too heavy to hold. Text messaging was made
possible by the second-generation network, which became available in the 1990s.
This huge and game-changing advancement also provided a more secure network and
laid the path for today’s ubiquitous 3G and 4G technology.
The development of
3G connection-based networks in 2001 marked the start of mainstream Internet
use on mobile phones. Soon after, smartphones were introduced, bringing all of
the capabilities of a device into the palm of your hand. The signals are
transmitted by a network of telephone towers, ensuring robust and relatively
rapid long-distance communication. The user’s mobile phone is receiving data
from the tower nearest to it. Although it may not appear complicated, 3G
technology was revolutionary at the time it was introduced.
Upload speeds of up
to 3 Mbps are possible on 3G networks. For example, about 15 seconds for
uploading a 3-minute MP3 song. The fastest 2G phones, on the other hand, may
get up to 144Kbps For example, about 8 minutes to download a 3-minute
song. 3G systems are intended for digital phones with a full-screen display and
better connectivity.
4G:
The fourth
generation of mobile networking technology is known as 4G, which comes after
the 2G and 3G networks. Although it’s commonly referred to as 4G LTE, this
isn’t exactly right because LTE is just one sort of 4G. Most mobile network
service providers use it now since it is the most developed technology.
However, as you may
have heard, 5G is becoming operational alongside current 3G and 4G mobile
networks. When it initially came out, 4G revolutionized how we use the mobile
internet. Despite the fact that 3G networks were relatively limited, 4G network
connectivity allowed consumers to browse the internet and watch HD films on
their mobile devices, thereby turning smartphones into laptops.
Most tasks that you
can do on a laptop or desktop computer can now be done on mobile devices such
as smartphones or tablets. No matter how much data you require, 4 G networks
allow you to keep consistent speeds practically anywhere. 4G was launched in
the United Kingdom in 2012. Currently, the number of mobile subscribers using
3G outnumbers those using 4G. Expect this to alter in the coming years as 4G
contracts become more affordable and 4G network coverage increases across the
UK.
Premium 4G offers
download speeds of around 14 Mbps, which is over five times quicker than the 3G
network’s predecessor. 4G networks can currently attain speeds of up to 150
Mbps, allowing users to download gigabytes of data in minutes, if not seconds,
rather than hours as with 3G networks. Uploading data is also significantly
faster with 4G – normal upload speeds are over 8 Mbps, with theoretical rates
of up to 50 Mbps, whereas 3G upload speeds are under 0.5 Mbps.
Difference between
1G and 2G:
|
1G |
2G |
|
1G stands for first-generation. |
While 2G stands for the second generation. |
|
The voice signal of 1G is an analog
signal. |
While the voice signal of 2G is a
digital signal. |
|
1G uses circuit switching. |
2G uses both circuit switching as well as packet switching. |
|
In 1G, internet is not supported. In 1G, internet is
not supported. |
In 2G, internet is supported. |
|
In 1G, data services are not provided. |
In 2G, data services are provided except videos. |
|
Channelization protocol is FDMA. |
Channelization protocols are CDMA and TDMA. |
|
|
|
Difference between
2G and 3G:
|
2G |
3G |
|
Network construction and maintenance is cheaper. |
Network construction and maintenance is costlier. License fee to be paid for 3G is also higher as compared to 2G. |
|
It provides slower download speed and
slower access to applications. |
Faster access and download speed for
applications. |
|
2G is less compatible with the functions of smart phones. Data
transmission rate can be of 50, 000 bits
per sec. |
3G is widely used for smart phones. Data transmission rate can be more than 4 million bits per sec. |
|
It is less secure than 3G. |
Highly secure as 3G network permits
validation measures. |
|
Video calls
cannot be made. |
Video calls can be made. |
|
Downloading and uploading speed is upto
236 kbps. |
Downloading speed is upto 21 Mbps and
uploading speed is upto 5 Mbps. |
|
|
LTE:
LTE stands for “Long Term
Evolution” and it is most commonly used in connection with 4G, the
fourth-generation global wireless communication standard that was first defined
in 2008. It is a standard for high-speed cellular data
communication systems. It provides a download speed of about 100 Mbps and an
upload speed of about 50 Mbps. It does not provide good quality voice calls
while using the data services. This problem can be easily solved by
VoLTE connectivity. In India, Airtel launched its first LTE
service in 2012.
- LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a fourth-generation (4G) wireless standard that provides increased network capacity and speed for cellphones and other cellular devices compared with third-generation (3G) technology.
- LTE technology has delivered multiple benefits worldwide:
- LTE connectivity is almost universally available around the world for both consumer and commercial/industrial applications.
- LTE provides long-term network continuity as older networks such as 2G and 3G sunset.
- In regions where 5G will not be available for some time, 4G LTE, 4G LTE Advanced, and 4G LTE Advanced Pro technology will support migration needs from 2G/3G for years to come.
- LTE offers higher speeds as well as significant benefits for low power applications and simpler, low-cost devices — providing a single technology foundation for a wide variety of use cases.
VoLTE:
VoLTE is a much-standardized system to make high-definition voice calls. It allows the users to make voice calls while using the data services without changing the quality of the voice.
VoLTE stands for Voice
over LTE, and it is pronounced as Vee O LTE. With this technology, you can
concurrently send voice and data over the network without affecting the voice
quality. However, in LTE, when making a voice call, your data connection will
be on, and then the quality of voice will be decreased.
Therefore, to make a
good quality voice call, you will have to switch off the internet connection.
In the 2G and 3G networks, you have seen that your phones will automatically
stop the data transfer to maintain the quality of voice when making a phone
call.
In case of VoLTE, the quality of the voice will not reduce even if your data is on. Moreover, you can easily transfer the telephone conversation with this service when your data connection is switched on.
Difference between LTE and VoLTE:
|
LTE |
VoLTE |
|
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. |
VoLTE stands for Voice Over Long Term Evolution. |
|
A standard for high speed wireless
communication for mobile devices and data terminals. |
A standard for high speed wireless
communication for mobile devices and data terminals including IoT devices and
wearables. |
|
It may or may not support voice call and data
services at the same time. |
It supports data and call services at a
similar time. |
|
Reduce the voice quality when using voice and
data at the same time. |
You can enjoy good voice calling when using
the data services. |
|
The data will get off when the voice call is
happening. |
At the time of the voice call, it does not
turn off the data. |
|
The call connection speed is slow |
The call connection speed is high. |
|
The users need to have external softwares to
make video calls on LTE networks such as whatsapp, facebook messanger, skype
etc. |
The users need not have an external softwares
to make video calls but just phone phone number is required to video call anybody. |
|
It is not widely used by users nowadays. |
It is used by most people nowadays. |
Benefits of VoLTE over LTE:
VoLTE is the highest-ranking technology. It has various advantages-- Voice quality is good on VoLTE.
- You can keep the internet connection on at the time of voice calls.
- VoLTE joins the call quickly.
- VoLTE networks run on the higher frequencies of 800MHz. It can make relations much further away from the mobile tower.
Sensors:
The sensor is a device that detects and measures the changes in the nearby environment and sends that data to the operating system or processor. They sense and collects data for which they are made. Like ambient light, the sensor is made for detecting light, so it is an expert in detecting the light. The sensor in a phone refers to the components of the phone that can be felt by the chip, such as distance, light, temperature, brightness, and pressure. These sensors are getting smaller and smaller, their performance is increasing stronger, and their cost is getting lower and lower, just like all electronic components.
Modern-day smartphones are much more than just communication devices. You can do a lot more with them, from measuring your steps to monitoring your heart beat to measuring stress levels and more. Other than this, these sensors are what ensure that if you change the way you are holding your phone the orientation of the video or the photo or the website you are seeing changes too. It is the sensors that help you get that immersive experience while watching videos. That Face ID and fingerprint scanners on your phone also have sensors in them.
There are three main categories of sensors that smartphone having.
1. Motion Sensors
2. Environment Sensors
3. Position Sensors
Motion Sensors: These sensors measures axis-based motion sensing, like acceleration
forces and rotational forces along with three axes. This category includes
accelerometer, gravity sensors, and gyroscopes sensors.
Environmental
Sensor: These sensors measure environmental parameters like air pressure, temperature,
light, and humidity, etc. This category includes barometers, photometers, and
thermometers.
Position Sensors: These sensors
measure the physical position of a device, whether your device is in Landscape
mode or Portrait mode or in which direction. This category includes orientation
sensors and magnetometers.
Gyroscope: Gyroscope sensor works with the accelerometer sensor in smartphones. It provides an additional dimension of the movement for better motion detection like a rotation or twist. Gyroscope is the sensor responsible for the immersive 360-degree photos we see on our smartphones. Another major implementation is while playing motion sensitive games, mostly racing titles where players tilt the smartphone to steer left or right.
Digital compass: Digital compass provides smartphone orientation data in reference to the Earth’s magnetic field. This allows the smartphone to understand the real-world direction like which is North, South, East or West. It is based on the magnetometer. The best use case scenario is while using the Compass in your smartphone or while using the Maps.
Pedometer: Pedometer provides step data to any digital device. It is available in smartphones as well as smart wearable devices. This helps improve accuracy of step count in the Health apps.
Difference Between 1G, 2G, 3G vs. 4G and 5G:
Simply, the "G" stands for "GENERATION”. As the technology developed, so the G number increases. For instance, 3G, 4G and 5G is more advanced and better than 2G and 1G.Since the emergence of wireless
technology, different technologies have been introduced. These technologies
help better, fast and secure communication.
Each Generation is defined as a set
of telephone network standards , which detail the
technological implementation of a particular mobile phone system. The speed
increases and the technology used to achieve that speed also changes. For eg,
1G offers 2.4 kbps, 2G offers 64 Kbps and is based on GSM, 3G offers 144 kbps-2
mbps whereas 4G offers 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps and is based on LTE technology .
1G (1st Generation):
1G was very first commercial telecommunication wireless technology.
The very first
generation of commercial cellular network was introduced in the late 70's with
fully implemented standards being established throughout the 80's. It was
introduced in 1987 by Telecom (known today as Telstra), Australia received its
first cellular mobile phone network utilising a 1G analog system. 1G is an
analog technology and the phones generally had poor battery life and voice
quality was large without much security, and would sometimes experience dropped
calls . These are the analog telecommunications standards that were
introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications. The maximum speed of 1G is 2.4 Kbps .
Technology: 1G
employed analog radio signals for communication.
Speed: The speed of 1G was
merely up to 2.4Kbps.
Functions: 1G
could be used only for voice calls.
Flexibility: Prior
to it, telephone required wired connections for communication. After this
development, 1G was easy for people to take their phones outdoor.
Replacement: 1G
successfully replaces 0G radio technologies, such as Mobile Telephone System
(MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT),
dominant in those days.
Success: 1G technology used one universal network standard, called
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), which is still prevalent today.
2G (2nd Generation):
The development of the technology took a new turn and a new
generation “2G” was introduced in 1991 in Finland. 2G was
based on GSM standard. It was more advanced than its predecessor and almost
made that obsolete. Main
motive of this generation was to provide secure and reliable communication
channel. It implemented the concept of CDMA and GSM .
Provided small data service like SMS and MMS. 2G capabilities are achieved by
allowing multiple users on a single channel via multiplexing.
What’s new: 2G technology allowed users
to send and receive text messages and multimedia messages (MMS).
Technology: 2G
used digital signals for communication with a radio tower.
Speed: The transfer speed of 2G
Network increased many a time and reached theoretically maximum transfer rate
of 50Kbps with the help of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
Battery power: 2G
required low battery power due to low consumption of the battery by digital
signals.
Quality: The quality of sound is
improved and the user does not face any background noise.
Privacy: 2G improved the privacy
of users as the messages and MMS were digitally encrypted and the only user can
open them.
No more cloned handsets: In the days of 1G, it was possible to possess two handsets
with the same number. But, 2G closed this chapter and ended any chance of
fraudulent acts involving two numbers.
Disadvantages:
- Weak
signal: If the signals are weak in any specific area, the users
will not get network coverage in that area.
- Digital signal has an angular curve, which jagged decay
curve, while analogue has a smooth one. When conditions go worse, the
analogue signal will perform better than the digital one.
- The
reduced tone of sound: It occurs on account of
the use of lossy compression by the codes.
2.5G: It
is interim technology between “2G and 3G”. To put it simply, it can be
defined as 2G + GPRS. It was more efficient than its predecessors because it
used a packet-switching technique beside circuit-switched domain. In fact, it
increased the transfer rate of 2G technology. It also enabled users to browse
the web on their mobile phones.
2.75G: 2.5G
further evolved and resulted in 2.75G, also called (EDGE) Enhanced Data rates
for GSM Evolution. It is faster than GPRS.
- Although 2G is still available in various countries, some
countries have planned to shut it down.
3G (3rd Generation):
3G is the next generation
and provides better services in all aspects. 3G was introduced in 2001 and
follows standards set by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Web browsing, email, video
downloading, picture sharing and other Smartphone technology were
introduced in the third generation. The goals set out for third generation
mobile communication were to facilitate greater voice and data capacity,
support a wider range of applications, and increase data transmission at
a lower cost .
The 3G standard utilises a new technology called UMTS as
its core network architecture - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System.
This network combines aspects of the 2G network with some new technology and
protocols to deliver a significantly faster data rate.
Transfer speed: 3G
provides fast internet speed but depends upon the technology employed by the
provider.
- 144Kbps-2Mbps
- WCDMA = 384Kbps
- HSPA or 3.5G = 7.2Mbps
- HSPA+ or 3.75G= 21.6 Mbps
Bringing a revolution: 3G completely changed the concept of mobile phone use Different
mobile apps like Whatsapp, IMO, can be used for voice and video calls
Applications: GPS,
Mobile TV, Video on Demand, Video Conference.
Compatibility with the device: A user can enjoy 3G internet surfing on only 3G supported
devices. If the device does not support 3G, it is not possible to enjoy 3G on
that device.
Subscription: A
user should contact his/her service provider and subscribe to 3G services.
Otherwise, he will not be able to enjoy high-speed communication of 3G
Technology.
Cost of service: Even
though 3G use may cost a large amount of money, customers can avail different
data packages offered by their network providers.
4G (4th Generation):
4G is most advanced and
upgraded technology available today. 4G is an improved version of 3G. 4G is
available in two forms namely, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwaves
Access) and LTE (Long Term Evolution). The LTE version of 4G is widely used and
mostly available.
Speed:
- In early 2008, ITU put forward standards for 4G, under
International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) and set
minimum speed at 100 Mbps and maximum 1Gbps. A connection providing this
transfer rate can be named as 4G.
- In other words, at a stationary position, the speed must be
around 1 Gbps and while moving it must be minimum 100 Mbps.
Applications: HD
TV, HD VOD, 3D TV and Games.
4G LTE:
4G LTE is more advanced while considering transfer rate. As it was
difficult to reach the required transfer rate, the regulating body introduced
LTE could be named as a substitute of 4G, if it surpassed 3G. Another faster
version of LTE is LTE+.
5G (5th Generation):
5G is much discussed next
generation, and possibly many times faster than present-day 4G. 5G technology
is being tested in laboratories and has been run only on an experimental basis.
Possible applications: Augmented
Reality, Virtual Reality, Self-driving cars.
Possible technology: The
primary technology to be used can be Millimeter wave bands which operate at the
30 GHz to 300 GHz range. The contemporary band, used by network providers is
below 6 GHz.
Expected speed: The
downloading and uploading speed can be around 20 Gbps and 10 Gbps respectively.
Expected release date: According to British authorities, the schedule for the launch of
5G in the UK is by 2020.
Operating Systems Concept:
An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user. It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system that controls mobile device is called Mobile OS.
Mobile Operating System:
A mobile operating system (mobile OS) is an operating system built exclusively for a mobile device such as a smartphone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets, smart watches or other mobile devices.
A
mobile operating system (OS) is software that allows smartphones, tablet
PCs (personal computers) and other devices to run applications and
programs. A mobile operating system is an operating system that
runs only on mobile devices. It is similar
kind of software as the computer operating systems like Linux, Windows and Mac,
but is relatively simple and light.
Mobile
operating systems vary from device to device. Apple has their own system that
they call iOS. Samsung phones, for example, use the Android operating system,
and even Windows gets into the action with their own phones and Windows OS.
A
mobile OS typically starts up when a device powers on, presenting a screen with
icons or tiles that present information and provide application access. Mobile
operating systems also manage cellular and wireless network connectivity, as
well as phone access.
Mobile
operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating
system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use, and usually
including a wireless inbuilt modem and SIM tray for telephony and
data connection.
The operating
systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's
BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android,
WebOS, and Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from
BSD and NeXTSTEP, which are related to Unix.
Most popular Mobile Operating Systems:
Android OS: The Android operating system is the most popular operating system today. It is a mobile OS based on the Linux Kernel and open-source software. The android operating system was developed by Google. The first Android device was launched in 2008.
iPhone OS /
iOS: The iOS was developed
by the Apple inc for the use on its
device. The iOS operating system is the most popular operating system today. It
is a very secure operating system. The iOS operating system is not available
for any other mobiles. iOS runs
the company's iPod, iPad, iPhone, and Apple Watch devices. It is only available
on Apple products and responds to commands from the user's fingertips. iOS
features iTunes for music and the App Store for everything else. One of the
benefits of the Apple operating system is its built-in video chatting and Apple
Music capabilities.
Bada
(Samsung Electronics): Bada
is a Samsung mobile operating system that was launched in 2010. The Samsung
wave was the first mobile to use the bada operating system. The bada operating
system offers many mobile features, such as 3-D graphics, application
installation, and multipoint-touch.
BlackBerry
OS: The BlackBerry operating system is a
mobile operating system developed by Research In Motion (RIM).
This operating system was designed specifically for BlackBerry handheld devices.
This operating system is beneficial for the corporate users because it provides
synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Novell GroupWise email, Lotus Domino,
and other business software when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server.
Symbian OS: Symbian operating system is a mobile operating
system that provides a high-level of integration with communication. The
Symbian operating system is based on the java language. It combines middleware
of wireless communications and personal information management (PIM)
functionality. The Symbian operating system was developed by Symbian
Ltd in 1998 for the use of mobile
phones. Nokia was the first company to release
Symbian OS on its mobile phone at that time.
Windows Phone
OS: The window phone OS is
a mobile operating system that was developed by Microsoft.
It was designed for the pocket PCs and smart mobiles. A version of the Windows mobile OS uses the tiled layout; it
can be rearranged and moved to the user's preferences.
Harmony OS: The harmony operating system is the latest
mobile operating system that was developed by Huawei for the use of its
devices. It is designed primarily for IoT devices.
Palm OS: The palm operating system is a mobile operating
system that was developed by Palm Ltd for use on
personal digital assistants (PADs). It was introduced in 1996.
Palm OS is also known as the Garnet OS.
WebOS
(Palm/HP): The WebOS is a
mobile operating system that was developed by Palm. It
based on the Linux Kernel. The HP uses this operating
system in its mobile and touchpads.
Features of Mobile Operating Systems:
Types of Mobile Operating Systems:
There are numerous mobile device operating systems available today, and two of the most widely adopted are the iPhone's OS, Apple iOS, and Google's open source OS, Google Android. These two mobile OSes take different approaches to the mobile operating system.
Google Android:
Android is a mobile operating system designed for smartphones and tablets. The operating system is very powerful, enabling access to a diverse set of hardware resources on a smartphone or tablet. Android is provided by Google and is continually updated, improved, and extended. This makes the development of apps for Android smartphones and tablets both exciting and challenging.
Android is an open-source mobile OS developed by Google and launched in 2008. Android is a Linux-based OS that uses Linux 2.6 to provide core services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and a driver model. It offers a wide range of libraries that enable the app developers to build different applications. Android applications are usually written in Java programming language
Android OS is owned by Google and powered by the Linux kernel, which can be found on a wide range of devices.
Android is an open source operating system which allows developers to access unlocked hardware and develop new programs as they wish.
This means it allows unlimited access to anyone who wants to develop apps, and places very little restriction on its licensing, so users benefit from masses of free content.
Android is currently the dominant smartphone platform due to its tremendous traction with a wide spectrum of users.
Some of the best features of Android include the ability to customise multiple home screens with useful widgets and apps that give you quicker, easier access to the content and functions you most care about.
It also has an excellent capacity for multitasking - with the ability to close programs by simply swiping them away.
Finally, the Google Play Store – which is the Android equivalent of the Apple App Store – is home to millions of apps, many of which are completely free.
Apple iOS:
Apple iOS is a closed-source code mobile phone OS developed by Apple in 2007; it is used by Apple-only products (iPhone, iPod, and iPad). The iOS architecture is based on three layers incorporated with each other. Cocoa touch is a layer that provides some basic infrastructure used by applications. The second layer is the media layer, which provides audio services, animation video, image formats, and documents in addition to providing two-dimensional (2D) and 3D drawings and audio and video support. The third layer is the core OS, which provides core services such as low-level data types, start-up services, network connection, and access .
The Apple iOS multi-touch, multi-tasking operating system is that runs Apple iPhones, iPads – and any iPods still in use – with a special version powering the Apple Watch too.
Like most operating systems, iOS responds to the user's touch - allowing you to tap on the screen to open a program, pinch your fingers together to minimise or enlarge an image, or swipe your finger across the screen to change pages.
The Apple iOS is not allowed to be used in third party systems, so you will only be able to use it on products made by Apple. It comes with the Safari web browser for internet use, Apple Music application for playing music, and Apple's Mail for managing your emails all pre-installed.
You can download millions of applications currently available on the App Store directly to any device running iOS, either on an iPhone or an iPad. These encompass everything from recipe books to guitar tutorials to games.
Components
of a Mobile Operating System:
The components of a
mobile OS are same as a basic OS. The components are as follows:
1. Kernel
A kernel is the
core/heart of an OS. It contains all the functions and operations to manage the
working of OS.
2. Process
Execution
The OS executes
various process so that the statements will execute and connect the application
program to the hardware. Whenever a process executes it uses memory, space and
other resources as well.
3. Interrupt
Interrupts are
basically used be the hardware devices to communicate with the CPU. It is
basically a signal which the device generates to request the CPU. Moreover, whenever
an interrupt occurs the CPU temporarily stops executing its current process.
4. Memory
Management
It is the management
of the main or primary memory. Furthermore, whatever program is executed, it
has to be present in the main memory. Therefore, there can be more than one
program present at a time. Hence, it is required to manage the memory.
- The operating system:
- Allocates and deallocates the memory.
- Keeps a record of which part of primary memory is used by whom and how much.
- Distributes the memory while multiprocessing.
5. Multitasking
It is performing more
than one tasks at a time. The OS allows the user to work wit more than one
process at a time without any problem.
6. Security
The OS keeps the
system and programs safe and secure through authentication. A user id and
password decide the authenticity of the user.
7. User
Interface
GUI stands for
Graphical User Interface. As the name suggests, it provides a graphical
interface for the user to interact with the computer. It uses icons, menus,
etc. to interact with the user. Moreover, the user can easily interact by just
clicking these items. Therefore, it is very user friendly and there is no need
to remember any commands.
Technologies for Mobile Application Development:
Java:
Java is one of the powerful general-purpose programming languages, created in 1995 by Sun Microsystems Java is an incredibly powerful and well-established programming language with a wealth of libraries and tools that can help anyone build a mobile app.
Java is a specialist’s language when it comes to the
development of web and mobile applications. The language runs on over 5.5 billion
devices and is used specifically for the
development of android apps. However, it can also be used to develop iOS apps.
It’s easy to learn, has
cross-platform capabilities, and it’s secure, making it a language of choice
for app development.
Java
syntax is similar to C/C++. But Java does not provide low-level programming
functionalities like pointers. Also, Java code is always written in the form of
classes and objects. Android heavily relies on the Java programming language
all the SDKs required to build for android applications use
the standard libraries of Java. If one is coming from a traditional programming
background like C, C++, Java is easy to learn.
Java for mobile app development is an
all-time favorite since it offers several benefits and is highly preferred
over other available languages.
Features of Java Programming Language:
Simple and Familiar:
Java is simple because, its coding style is very clean and easy to understand. It removes complexity because it doesn’t use complex and difficult features of other languages like C and C++.Compiled and Interpreted:
Usually, a computer language can be
either compiled or interpreted. Java integrates the power of Compiled Languages with the flexibility
of Interpreted Languages.
Java
compiler (javac) compiles the java source code into the bytecode.
Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) then executes this bytecode which is executable on many
operating systems and is portable.
Platform Independent:
The
most significant feature of Java is that it provides platform independence
which leads to a facility of portability, which ultimately becomes its biggest
strength.
Being platform-independent means a
program compiled on one machine can be executed on any machine in the world without
any change. Java achieves platform independence by using the concept of
the BYTE code.
Object-Oriented:
Java strongly supports the concepts
of Object-Oriented Programming due to which it
is called a pure object-oriented language.
Java
supports major Object-Oriented programming features like Encapsulation,
Abstraction, and Inheritance.
Almost
everything in Java is an object. All programs and data live within objects and
classes.
Robust:
Java is robust as it is capable
of handling run-time errors, supports automatic
garbage collection and exception handling, and avoids explicit pointer concept.
Java
has a strong memory management system. It helps in eliminating errors as it
checks the code during both compile and runtime.
Secure:
Security is an important issue for any
programming language as there is a threat of malicious activities and viruses.
Java supports access modifiers to
check memory access and also ensures that no viruses enter an applet.
Java
is a more secure language as compared to C/C++, as it does not allow a
programmer to explicitly create pointers. Thus in Java, we can not gain access
to a particular variable if we do not initialize it properly.
XML:
XML, short for eXtensible Markup
Language, is a set of tags and codes that help carry the data presented on the
website. XML does not define how the data is displayed; instead just transports
it. The main objective of XML design is to ensure simplicity and compatibility,
making it platform and programming language independent.
Features of XML:
XML comes with a lot of features that make it stand out from other languages. Here is the list of come salient features of XML
Extensible and Human Readable: Most XML applications will work as expected even if new data is added.
Overall Simplicity : XML simplifies data sharing, data transport, platform changes, and data availability. XML makes it easier to extend or upgrade to new operating systems, new apps, or new browsers without losing data. Data can be made available to a variety of "reading machines," such as people, computers, voice machines, news feeds, and so on.
Separates data from HTML: Data can be saved in different XML files using XML. This way, you can concentrate on using HTML/CSS for display and layout while knowing that changes to the underlying data will not require HTML changes.
Allows XML Validation : A DTD or XML schema can be used to validate an XML document. This ensures that the XML document is syntactically valid and prevents any problems from arising from a faulty XML.
XML supports Unicode : XML is Unicode-compatible, which means it can communicate practically any information in any written human language.
XML Syntax:
Let us now look at the XML
syntax and declaration.
The following is the basic
XML syntax -
<?xml version =
"1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?
<root>
<child>
<subchild>.....</subchild>
</child>
</root>
XML
Declaration:
The following code shows the syntax
for XML declaration
<?xml
version="version_number," encoding="character_encoding"
standalone="yes_or_no" ?>
XML
Comments:
Comments are optional. Adding
comments to a document can help you comprehend it better.
<?xml version="1.0"
encoding="utf-8"?> <!-- This is XML Declaration-->
Limitations of XML :
The access speed of XML is not optimized. XML documents are intended to be fully loaded before being used as a data source. Every time the parser reads in the markup, it must do a syntax check. Modern databases, on the other hand, are designed for rapid data lookups and updates.
XML is not a compact language. There is no standard XML compression technique. Uncompressed text is expected by XML parsers. Either deal with big text files or build a sophisticated method for compressing and decompressing on the fly, which will increase your processing overhead.
Embedded markup isn't appropriate for all types of data. For text data with a hierarchical structure, XML is the best option. It doesn't provide much in the way of binary data.
XML Properties:
1. XML is a markup language that focuses
on data rather than how the data looks.
2. XML is designed to send, store,
receive and display data. In simple words you can say that XML is used for
storing and transporting data.
3. XML became a W3C (W3C stands for
World Wide Web Consortium, the main international standards organization for the
World Wide Web) recommendation on February 10, 1998.
4. XML is different from HTML. XML
focuses on data while HTML focuses on how the data looks.
5. XML does not depend on software and
hardware, it is platform and programming language independent.
6. Unlike HTML where most of the tags
are predefined, XML doesn’t have predefined tags, rather you have to create
your own tags.
Displaying XML
Using CSS:
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. It is a dynamic markup language. It is used to transform data from one form to another form.
An XML file can be displayed using two ways. These are as follows :
1. Cascading Style Sheet
2. Extensible Stylesheet Language
Transformation
Displaying XML file using CSS:
CSS can be used to display the contents of the XML document in a clear and
precise manner. It gives the design and style to whole XML document.
· Basic steps in defining a CSS style sheet for XML :
For defining the style rules for the XML document, the following things should
be done:
1. Define the style rules for
the text elements such as font-size, color, font-weight, etc.
2. Define each element either
as a block, inline or list element, using the display property of CSS.
3. Identify the titles and
bold them.
· Linking XML with CSS :
In order to display the XML file using CSS, link XML file with CSS. Below is the syntax for linking the XML file with CSS:
<?xml-stylesheet
type="text/css" href="name_of_css_file.css"?>
Example: In this example, the XML file is created that contains
the information about five books and displaying the XML file using CSS.
XML file:
Creating Books.xml
as:
<?xml version="1.0"
encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-stylesheet
type="text/css" href="style.css"?>
<books>
<heading>Welcome To Book House </heading>
<book>
<title>Title : Web Programming</title>
<author>Author : Chrisbates</author>
<publisher>Publisher : Wiley</publisher>
<edition>Edition : 3</edition>
<price> Price : 300</price>
</book>
<book>
<title>Title : Internet world-wide-web</title>
<author>Author : Ditel</author>
<publisher>Publisher : Pearson</publisher>
<edition>Edition : 3</edition>
<price>Price : 400</price>
</book>
<book>
<title>Title : Computer Networks</title>
<author>Author : Foruouzan</author>
<publisher>Publisher : Mc Graw Hill</publisher>
<edition>Edition : 5</edition>
<price>Price : 700</price>
</book>
<book>
<title>Title : DBMS Concepts</title>
<author>Author : Navath</author>
<publisher>Publisher : Oxford</publisher>
<edition>Edition : 5</edition>
<price>Price : 600</price>
</book>
<book>
<title>Title -: Linux Programming</title>
<author>Author -: Subhitab Das</author>
<publisher>Publisher -: Oxford</publisher>
<edition>Edition -: 8</edition>
<price>Price -: 300</price>
</book>
</books>
In the above example, Books.xml
is linked with style.css which
contains the corresponding style sheet rules.
CSS FILE :
Creating style.css as:
books {
color: white;
background-color : gray;
width: 100%;
}
heading {
color: green;
font-size :
40px;
background-color : powderblue;
}
heading, title,
author, publisher, edition, price {
display :
block;
}
title {
font-size : 25px;
font-weight :
bold;
}
Displaying XML Using XSLT:
XSLT stands for Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation.
XSLT is used to transform XML document from one form to another form.
XSLT uses Xpath to perform matching of nodes to perform these transformation .
The result of applying XSLT to XML document could be an another XML document, HTML, text or any another document from technology perspective.
The XSL code is written within the XML document with the extension of (.xsl).
In other words, an XSLT document is a different kind of XML document.
XML Namespace: XML Namespaces are the unique
names.
· XML Namespace is a mechanism by which element or attribute
is assigned to a group.
· XML Namespace is used to avoid the name conflicts in the
XML document.
· XML Namespace is recommended by W3C.
XML Namespace Declaration:
It is declared using reserved attribute such as the attribute is xmlns or it can begin with xmlns:
Syntax:
<element xmlns:name = "URL">
where
- Namespace starts with the xmlns.
- The word name is
the namespace prefix.
- the URL is the namespace identifier.
Example:
In this example, creating the XML file that
contains the information about five students and displaying the XML file using
XSLT.
XML file:
Creating Students.xml as:
<?xml version="1.0"
encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl"
href="students.xsl"?>
<students>
<student>
<name>Rahul</name>
<roll>1</roll>
<age>20</age>
<address>Tsk</address>
</student>
<student>
<name>Rahul</name>
<roll>1</roll>
<age>20</age>
<address>Tsk</address>
</student>
<student>
<name>Rahul</name>
<roll>1</roll>
<age>20</age>
<address>Tsk</address>
</student>
<student>
<name>Rahul</name>
<roll>1</roll>
<age>20</age>
<address>Tsk</address>
</student>
<student>
<name>Rahul</name>
<roll>1</roll>
<age>20</age>
<address>Tsk</address>
</student>
</students>
In the
above example, Students.xml is created and linking it with Rule.xsl which
contains the corresponding XSL style sheet rules.
XSLT Code:
Creating
students.xsl as:
<?xml
version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<xsl:stylesheet
version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
<xsl:template
match="/">
<html>
<head>
<title>Students
Details</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1
align="center">Students Details</h1>
<table border="3"
align="center" >
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Roll</th>
<th>Age</th>
<th>Address</th>
</tr>
<xsl:for-each
select="students/student">
<tr>
<td><xsl:value-of
select="name"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of
select="roll"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of select="age"/></td>
<td><xsl:value-of
select="address"/></td>
</tr>
</xsl:for-each>
</table>
</body>
</html>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
HTML5:
HTML5 is the recommended version to build modern web applications as it is light and fastest version of Hypertext Mark up Language, the code that describes web pages. HTML5 was formed in 2011.
HTML5 Stack:
HTML : to build webpage structure,
CSS : to enhance look and feel( presentation layer), and
JavaScript : to add functionality to HTML elements.
HTML + CSS + JAVASCRIPT = HTML5
How to Embed Audio and Video in HTML?
To embed audio in HTML, we use the <audio> tag. Before HTML5, audio cannot be added to web pages in the Internet Explorer era. To play audio, we used web plugins like Flash. After the release of HTML5, it is possible. This tag supports Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Edge in three audio formats – MP3, WAV, OGG. Only Safari browser doesn’t support OGG audio format.
Syntax:
<audio><source src="file_name" type="audio_file_type">
</audio>
Example:
<!DOCTYPE
html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page
Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Click
play button to play audio</h2>
<audio src="./test.mp3"
controls></audio>
</body>
</html>
How to embed video in HTML?
To embed video
in HTML, we use the <video> tag. It contains one or more video sources at
a time using <source> tag. It supports MP4, WebM, and Ogg in all modern
browsers. Only Ogg video format doesn’t support in Safari browser.
Syntax:
<video>
<source src="file_name"
type="video_file_type">
</video>
Example:
<!DOCTYPE
html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page
Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Click
play button to play video</h2>
<video src="./test.mp4"
controls></video>
</body>
</html>
or you can use
the following code:
<!DOCTYPE
html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page
Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Click
play button to play video</h2>
<video controls>
<source
src="./test.mp4">
</video>
</body>
</html>
J-Query:
jQuery is a fast, small, and feature-rich JavaScript library. It makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation, event handling, animation, and Ajax much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers. With a combination of versatility and extensibility, jQuery has changed the way that millions of people write JavaScript.
What is jQuery?
- jQuery is a small and lightweight JavaScript library.
- jQuery is cross-platform.
- jQuery is easy to learn.
- jQuery greatly simplifies JavaScript programming.
- jQuery means "write less do more".
- jQuery simplifies AJAX call and DOM manipulation.
C#:
C# (C-Sharp) is a programming language
developed by Microsoft that runs on the .NET Framework.
C# is used to develop web apps, desktop
apps, mobile apps, games and much more.
By
the help of C# programming language, we can develop different types of secured
and robust applications:
- Window
applications
- Web
applications
- Distributed
applications
- Web
service applications
- Database
applications etc.
Application Development Platforms:
Android Studio:
Android
Studio is Android's official IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for android
application development. It was first announced at a Google I/O conference in 2013 and
was released to the general public in 2014. Prior to its release, Android
development was handled predominantly through Eclipse IDE, which is a more
generic Java IDE that also supports numerous other programming languages.
As an IDE then, Android
Studio’s job is to provide the interface for you to create your apps and to
handle much of the complicated file-management behind the scenes. The
programming language you will be using is either Java or Kotlin. If you choose Java, this will be installed
separately on your machine. Android Studio is simply where you will write, edit
and save your projects and the files that comprise said projects. At the
same time, Android Studio will give you access to the Android SDK or ‘Software Development Kit’.
Features of Android Studio:
Layout Editor:
We can build the layout quickly by
adding different attributes either by hard-code or drag and drop using the
layout editor feature of the android studio. The layout editor feature can also
be used, to preview the codes that can be seen easily on the visual editor
screen and changes can be made accordingly by resizing it dynamically.
Templates:
Android also has the feature of
templates built-in. If you know to build that accordingly that makes your task
easier. Templates can be used to create common Android designs and components.
Support KOTLIN:
KOTLIN can be considered the
official language for Android. It runs fast and equivalent to Java. Kotlin can
be easily learned and used by java developers as it based on automated Java
only.
Emulator:
The emulator feature of the android
studio provides an emulator that is exactly like the android phones to test how
the application looks like in physical devices. It gives real-time experience
to Android applications. It allows you to test your applications faster and on
different-different configuration devices like tablets, android phones, etc.
Basically it helps to run and debug apps in the Android studio.
Enabling Integration with Firebase:
You can get real-time experience
with IoT based project development with dynamic upgrades in the application
using the firebase feature of an android studio. Chat applications can be
created by using firebase connectivity it helps you to give a happy chat
experience.
Intelligence Code Editor:
Android
Studio provides you with the intelligent and quick code editor. This will help
you and guide you with the accurate code. It helps you to complete code in
advance and analyze your code in advance before building. Android studio has
the special feature of the development of code by the drop-down list with
suggesting the code you can integrate.
Eclipse:
Eclipse is a powerful, open source, integrated development environment (IDE) that facilitates the creation of desktop, mobile, and web applications. Eclipse is a highly versatile and adaptable tool. Many types of applications and programming languages can be used by adding different “plug-ins.” For example, plug-ins are available for a very large number of programming languages as diverse as COBOL, PHP, Java, Ruby, and C++, to name a few. Additionally, plug-ins provide the capability to develop for different platforms, such as Android, Blackberry, and Windows. Many of the tools in the Eclipse IDE will be explained through the act of developing an Android app.
In the context of computing, Eclipse is an integrated development environment (IDE) for developing applications using the Java programming language and other programming languages such as C/C++, Python, PERL, Ruby etc.
Eclipse began as a Java IDE but has since grown to
support many different programming languages. For several years, a version of
Eclipse with an Android plug-in (ADT) was the recommended development
environment for the Android platform. Although Google has ceased support for
ADT, many mobile developers continue to use Eclipse to create Android apps.
Key features:
- Support for multiple languages and operating systems
- Extensive customization abilities
- Large marketplace of plug-ins
- Integration with Git, Maven and many other popular development tools
- Large community and user base
Target operating systems: Any,
including Windows, Linux, macOS and Android
Runs on: Any
system that supports Java, including Windows, Linux, macOS
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